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Handbook of 3D Integration, Volume 3 : 3D Process Technology
Edited by key figures in 3D integration and written by top authors from high-tech companies and renowned research institutions, this book covers the intricate details of 3D process technology.As such, the main focus is on silicon via formation, bonding and debonding, thinning, via reveal and backside processing, both from a technological and a materials science perspective.The last part of the book is concerned with assessing and enhancing the reliability of the 3D integrated devices, which is a prerequisite for the large-scale implementation of this emerging technology.Invaluable reading for materials scientists, semiconductor physicists, and those working in the semiconductor industry, as well as IT and electrical engineers.
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Fashion and Environmental Sustainability : Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Technology
The wide range of topics that the book covers are organised into sections reflecting a cradle to grave view of how entrepreneurial, innovative, and tech-savvy approaches can advance environmental sustainability in the fashion sector.These sections include: sustainable materials; innovation in design, range planning and product development; sustainable innovations in fashion supply chains; sustainable innovations in fashion retail and marketing; sustainable alternatives for end-of-life and circular economy initiatives; and more sustainable alternative fashion business models.
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Volume 3: Public Space and Mobility
COVID-19 is an invisible threat that has hugely impacted cities and their inhabitants.Yet its impact is very visible, perhaps most so in urban public spaces and spaces of mobility. This international volume explores the transformations of public space and public transport in response to COVID-19 across the world, both those resulting from official governmental regulations and from everyday practices of urban citizens.The contributors discuss how the virus made urban inequalities sharper and clearer, and redefined public spaces in the ‘new normal’.Offering crucial insights for reforming cities to be more resilient to future crises, this is an invaluable resource for scholars and policy makers alike.
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Innovation in Energy Security and Long-Term Energy Efficiency
The sustainable development of our planet depends on the use of energy. The growing population of the world inevitably causes an increase in the demand for energy, which, on the one hand, threatens the potential for shortages of energy supply, and, on the other hand, causes the deterioration of the environment.Therefore, our task is to reduce this demand through different innovative solutions (i.e., both technological and social). Social marketing and economic policies can also play a role in affecting the behavior of households and companies, by causing behavioral change oriented to energy stewardship, and an overall switch to renewable energy resources. This book provides a platform for the exchange of a wide range of ideas, which, ultimately, would facilitate the driving of societies to long-term energy efficiency.
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Can economic efficiency and productivity develop mutually?
Yes, economic efficiency and productivity can develop mutually. When businesses and industries become more efficient in their operations, they can produce more output with the same amount of input, leading to increased productivity. Similarly, when productivity increases, it can drive economic efficiency by reducing waste and improving resource allocation. Therefore, as businesses and industries focus on improving efficiency and productivity, they can reinforce and support each other's development.
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What is the difference between efficiency and productivity?
Efficiency refers to how well resources are utilized to achieve a specific goal or output, while productivity measures the output or results generated from a specific amount of input or resources. Efficiency focuses on minimizing waste and maximizing output with the resources available, while productivity is a measure of how much output is produced relative to the input used. In essence, efficiency is about doing things right, while productivity is about doing the right things.
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What are the connections between efficiency and productivity?
Efficiency and productivity are closely connected in that efficiency refers to the ability to accomplish a task with minimal waste, effort, or cost, while productivity refers to the rate at which goods or services are produced. When a process or system is efficient, it can lead to increased productivity because it allows for more output to be generated with the same amount of input. Conversely, when productivity is high, it often indicates that the resources and processes are being used efficiently. Therefore, improving efficiency can lead to increased productivity, and vice versa, as they both contribute to the overall effectiveness of a business or organization.
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Does increasing productivity lead to higher economic efficiency?
Yes, increasing productivity can lead to higher economic efficiency. When a company or economy can produce more output with the same input of resources, it can lead to lower production costs and higher profits. This can also lead to lower prices for consumers, which can increase overall economic welfare. Additionally, higher productivity can lead to increased competitiveness in the global market, which can further contribute to economic efficiency.
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Entrepreneurship and Innovation Policy and the Economy : Volume 3 Volume 3
Rigorous nonpartisan research on the effects of economic forces and public policy on entrepreneurship and innovation. Entrepreneurship and innovation are widely recognized as drivers of economic dynamics and long-term prosperity.This series communicates key findings about the implications of entrepreneurial and innovative activity across the economy. Entrepreneurship and Innovation Policy and the Economy, Volume 3, synthesizes key findings about entrepreneurial and innovative activity in the U.S. economy, conveying insights on contemporary challenges and providing an analytical base for policy design.In the first paper, Jorge Guzman, Fiona Murray, Scott Stern, and Heidi Williams examine regional innovation engines and highlight the place-specific actions, potential bottlenecks, and roles of different stakeholders in catalyzing entrepreneurship and innovation.Next, Lee Branstetter and Guangwei Li examine the challenges faced by the Chinese central government in implementing industrial policy to push the technology frontier while local governments and businesses deploy resources to advance their own, not necessarily aligned, interests.Turning to climate issues, James Sallee analyzes policies aimed at accelerating the energy transition by hastening the replacement of durable capital assets like automobiles and residential appliances that last for decades and slow the adoption of cleaner technologies.Joshua Gans studies cryptocurrencies and other crypto-token-based instruments and the broad range of government responses to them, particularly in the U.S.Finally, Ina Ganguli and Fabian Waldinger consider the effects of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on the human capital in the Ukrainian science community.
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Entrepreneurship and Innovation Policy and the Economy : Volume 2 Volume 2
Rigorous nonpartisan research on the effects of economic forces and public policy on entrepreneurship and innovation. Entrepreneurship and innovation are widely recognized as drivers of economic dynamics and long-term prosperity.This series communicates key findings about the implications of entrepreneurial and innovative activity across the economy.In the first paper, Joseph Barberio, Jacob Becraft, Zied Ben Chaouch, Dimitris Bertsimas, Tasuku Kitada, Michael Li, Andrew Lo, Kevin Shi, and Qingyang Xu explore pharmaceutical firms’ weak incentives to develop vaccines against prospective diseases—due to high investment risks, low expected returns, and the rarity of pandemics— and consider a portfolio approach to financing vaccine research.Next, Daniel Hemel and Lisa Larrimore Ouellette describe a “trilemma” between quality, price, and access that appears after a generic pharmaceuticals patent expires, and show that it is difficult in a regulatory context to achieve distinct goals around price, access, and quality simultaneously.In the third paper, Silvia Dalla Fontana and Ramana Nanda examine the role of patents in the transition to a carbon-free world.They find relative to other technological areas, “Net Zero patents” are close to the scientific frontier, but due to difficulties of commercializing inventions, the share of such patents that are venture-backed has been increasingly directed to areas outside clean tech and other “deep” technologies.Jacquelyn Pless examines the effects of divestment from firms in “dirty” industries on innovation to combat climate change, or “green innovation.” She finds that compared with divesting, investing in firms and engaging with green corporate governance practices may induce more green innovation.Next, Robert Fairlie and David Robinson find that Black-owned innovative-intensive new businesses start smaller than their peers and do not converge in size over time.Differential access to bank financing is a major factor.Also “soft information,” which can help new businesses without established track records, can increase barriers for black founders and limit entrepreneurial pathways to prosperity.Finally, Jonathan Gruber, Simon Johnson, and Enrico Moretti consider the regional concentration of innovative activity in the United States.They find that while the concentration of activity has net advantages today, understanding the long-term benefits of more diffuse innovation clusters —including equity, industrial diversification, and talent development—is important.
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Dynamic Efficiency and Productivity Measurement
A systematic treatment of dynamic decision making and performance measurementModern business environments are dynamic.Yet, the models used to make decisions and quantify success within them are stuck in the past.In a world where demands, resources, and technology are interconnected and evolving, measures of efficiency need to reflect that environment. In Dynamic Efficiency and Productivity Measurement, Elvira Silva, Spiro E.Stefanou, and Alfons Oude Lansink look at the business process from a dynamic perspective.Their systematic study covers dynamic production environments where current production decisions impact future production possibilities.By considering practical factors like adjustments over time, this book offers an important lens for contemporary microeconomic analysis.Silva, Stefanou, and Lansink develop the analytical foundations of dynamic production technology in both primal and dual representations, with an emphasis on directional distance functions.They cover concepts measuring the production structure (economies of scale, economies of scope, capacity utilization) and performance (allocative, scale and technical inefficiency, productivity) in a methodological and comprehensive way. Through a unified approach, Dynamic Efficiency and Productivity Measurement offers a guide to how firms maximize potential in changing environments and an invaluable contribution to applied microeconomics.
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Productivity Machines : German Appropriations of American Technology from Mass Production to Computer Automation
How productivity culture and technology became emblematic of the American economic system in pre- and postwar Germany. The concept of productivity originated in a statistical measure of output per worker or per work-hour, calculated by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics.A broader productivity culture emerged in 1920s America, as Henry Ford and others linked methods of mass production and consumption to high wages and low prices.These ideas were studied eagerly by a Germany in search of economic recovery after World War I, and, decades later, the Marshall Plan promoted productivity in its efforts to help post-World War II Europe rebuild.In Productivity Machines, Corinna Schlombs examines the transatlantic history of productivity technology and culture in the two decades before and after World War II.She argues for the interpretive flexibility of productivity: different groups viewed productivity differently at different times.Although it began as an objective measure, productivity came to be emblematic of the American economic system; post-World War II West Germany, however, adapted these ideas to its own political and economic values.Schlombs explains that West German unionists cast a doubtful eye on productivity's embrace of plant-level collective bargaining; unions fought for codetermination-the right to participate in corporate decisions.After describing German responses to US productivity, Schlombs offers an in-depth look at labor relations in one American company in Germany-that icon of corporate America, IBM.Finally, Schlombs considers the emergence of computer technology-seen by some as a new symbol of productivity but by others as the means to automate workers out of their jobs.
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What is the relationship between productivity and economic efficiency?
Productivity and economic efficiency are closely related concepts. Productivity refers to the amount of output produced per unit of input, such as labor or capital. When productivity increases, more output is produced with the same amount of input, leading to greater economic efficiency. Economic efficiency, on the other hand, refers to the optimal allocation of resources to maximize output and minimize waste. Therefore, higher productivity often leads to greater economic efficiency as resources are used more effectively to produce goods and services. Conversely, lower productivity can lead to inefficiencies in resource allocation and reduced overall economic efficiency.
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What is the difference between productivity, efficiency, and profitability?
Productivity refers to the amount of output produced per unit of input, such as time or resources. Efficiency, on the other hand, focuses on how well resources are used to achieve a specific goal or output. Profitability, meanwhile, is a measure of how efficiently a company generates profit relative to its costs and expenses. In essence, productivity is about output per input, efficiency is about resource utilization, and profitability is about the bottom line of a business.
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How do profitability, productivity, and efficiency differ from each other?
Profitability refers to the ability of a company to generate profit, which is the difference between revenue and expenses. Productivity measures the output of goods or services produced per unit of input, such as labor or capital. Efficiency, on the other hand, focuses on how well resources are utilized to achieve a specific goal, often measured by the ratio of input to output. In summary, profitability is about generating profit, productivity is about output per input, and efficiency is about maximizing output with the resources available.
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How do you calculate the volume of a cylindrical object using integration?
To calculate the volume of a cylindrical object using integration, you would first set up an integral to find the volume of a thin slice of the cylinder. This can be done by integrating the area of a circle (πr^2) with respect to the height of the slice. The limits of integration would be the height of the cylinder. Once you integrate the area function, you would then evaluate the integral to find the total volume of the cylinder.
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